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Indian Journal of Genetics and Molecular Research

Volume  13, Issue 1, January – June 2024, Pages 29-43
 

Review Article

Oral and Liver Cancers: Paradigm in Diagnostic Methodologies

Shuchi1, Tanu Alen2, Neha Sharma3, Sneha Kandpal4, Ankita Singh5, Narotam Sharma6, Shraddha Singh7

1,4M.Sc Student, 2Assistant  Professor, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh,
3Assistant Professor, Department of Biosciences and  Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan 304022,  5Junior Scientist and Quality Manager, 6Scientist &  Head Laboratories, DNA Labs-A Centre for Applied Sciences, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, 7M.Sc
Student, Microbiology, DBS PG College, Dehradun&

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijgmr.2319.4782.13124.3

Abstract

Early detection of oral cancer is essential for patient survival, and auxiliary techniques    should be considered when conducting an objective clinical examination. Non-invasive  techniques such as liquid biopsy and brush biopsy are being used, and downstream molecular approaches require harmonization and standardization. Safety precautions are being  revised. Cervical cancer is common in low-income areas due to advanced stages of Human  Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and lack of treatment, poor prognosis, and diagnosis. Control  strategies such as Pap smear screening and HPV vaccinations have been used to reduce the   exponential increase in new cases. However, the preventative efficacy of HPV vaccines is only  advantageous to those who have not been exposed to the virus. Further study is needed to determine how aberrant alternative splicing affects cervical cancer. Pap smear testing is an  effective, convenient, affordable, and secure method for identifying precancerous cervical  epithelial lesions. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most prevalent cancer related  cause of death worldwide, with sorafenib, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, oncolytic viral   therapy, and novel target therapy available treatments. The X-Ray cross-complementing
(XRCC) genes are essential elements of the DNA repair pathway and have been investigated in relation to a variety of human malignancies. Studies from Northern and Southern India have  reported genetic polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes with respect to a variety of cancer risks, including prostate, breast, oral, and oesophageal cancers. This review provides a insight
on various Biomarkers of malignancies with respected to Oral and Liver cancers emphasizing on their diagnosis and the need of non-invasive techniques.
 


Keywords : Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Malignancies; Biopsy; Biomarkers of Cancer; Hyperplasia.
Corresponding Author : Narotam Sharma,